Including an exposure to disease, a diagnostic test, a prognostic factor, a treatment, a patient perception, a risk factor, etc. Is there an alternative treatment to compare? Including no disease, placebo, a different prognostic factor, absence of risk factor, etc. Melnyk, B. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Nursing Library resources for the School of Nursing. Consider absence of disease, absence of risk factor, or use of placebo. O - Outcome: What is the expected result or what do you hope to accomplish, improve or affect? Consider disease incidence, accuracy of a diagnosis, rate of occurrence of adverse outcome, survival or mortality rates What is the expected result or what do you hope to accomplish, improve or affect?
Consider disease incidence, accuracy of a diagnosis, rate of occurrence of adverse outcome, survival or mortality rates. The type of study can generally be worked at by looking at three issues as per the Tree of design in Figure 1 :. For observational study the main types will then depend on the timing of the measurement of outcome, so our third question is:.
My Apps University Portal. These four components are the essential elements of the research question in EBP and of the construction of the question for the bibliographic search of evidence 7,, The PICO strategy can be used to construct several kinds of research questions, originated from clinical practice, human and material resource management, the search of symptom assessment instruments, among others. The adequate well constructed research question allows for the correct definition of which information evidence is needed to solve the clinical research question 7, , maximizes the recovery of evidence in the database, focuses on the research scope and avoids unnecessary searching.
Table 2 presents the four components of the PICO strategy and Table 3 presents an example of its use to construct a research question 13, Data from the systematic review by Bergin and Wraight 16 are used to exemplify the construction of the research question using the PICO strategy.
The authors of this systematic review demonstrated that the incidence of foot ulcers in diabetics is high and that this is a predictor of amputation in these patients. When analyzing the dressings available, they detected that modern dressings possess silver in their composition anti-microbial but are not widely used.
Once the research question is formulated, the following stage is the beginning of the bibliographic search for evidence, which allows for the recovery of evidence in the databases, and can be schematized in the following stages , Selection of the search terms: identification of terms descriptors related to each component of the PICO strategy.
The descriptors are classified as:. Controlled: known as "medical subject headings" or "subject descriptors", which are used for the indexation of articles in the databases.
An example of controlled descriptors for the P component of the PICO strategy: foot ulcer , diabetic foot. Not controlled: represent the textual words and their synonyms, orthographic variations, acronyms and correlates.
An example of not controlled descriptors for the P component of the PICO strategy: diabetic ulcer , diabetic wound.
These terms allow for combinations of descriptors that will be used in the search, with AND for a restrictive combination, OR for an additive combination and NOT for an excluding combination. One example of the use of Boolean operators for a combination of descriptors of the P component of the PICO strategy:.
Combination of components of the PICO strategy for the finalization of the search strategy: after the selection of the search terms and use of Booleans operators for each of the four components of the PICO strategy, these must be inter-related in the following final strategy:. Such final strategy must be inserted in the search box existent in the databases, so that evidence is located by means of a bibliographic search.
Nowadays, there exists a large quantity of many times contradictory scientific information. PICO Example. PICO Worksheet. I nterest relates to a defined event, activity, experience or process Co ntext is the setting or distinct characteristics Here is an example of a clinical question that outlines the PICo components: See the completed example worksheet below.
PICo Example. PICo Worksheet. SPIDER can be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies: S PI D E R Sample Phenomenon of Interest Design Evaluation Research Type S ample size may very in qualitative and quantitative studies P henomena of I nterest include behaviours, experiences and interventions D esign influences the strength of the study analysis and findings E valuation outcomes may include more subjective outcomes - such as views, attitudes, etc.
R esearch types include qualitative, quantitative or mixed method studies Within social sciences research, SPICE may be more appropriate for formulating research questions: S P I C E Setting Perspective Intervention Comparison Evaluation S etting is the context for the question - where P erspective is the users, potential users, or stakeholders of the service - for whom I ntervention is the action taken for the users, potential users, or stakeholders - what C omparison is the alternative actions or outcomes - what else E valuation is the result or measurement that will determine the success of the intervention - w hat result or how well.
Report a problem. Subjects: Research.
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