Evolutionary studies indicate an advantage for gene lineages with reassorting backgrounds. Specifically, a significant increase in transient amino acid mutations is observed following reassortment [ 27 ], primarily in the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin, the major immunogenic protein of influenza that leads to antigenic change [ 25 , 32 ]. This suggests that the placement of the HA within novel genetic backgrounds through reassortment greatly affects virus fitness and directly influences antigenic variation, contributing to the long-term evolution of the virus.
However, reassortment could lead to evolutionary change due to various other factors, including selection pressure induced by herd immunity; the residues being under weak selective constraint; or compensation for fitness costs of mutations accruing elsewhere in the genome [ 25 ].
Similarly, the emergence of drug-resistant mutations may be acquired following reassortment, as shown for the emergence of amantadine-resistant H3N2 viruses [ 49 ] and oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 viruses [ 50 ]. These studies suggest that reassortment confounds available methods of virus control, although detailed examination of the role of reassortment in driving genome-wide evolution is still needed. Introduction Reassortment is an evolutionary mechanism of segmented RNA viruses that plays an important but ill-defined role in virus emergence and interspecies transmission.
What Is Virus Reassortment? Download: PPT. Fig 1. Reassortment of two tripartite genomes producing a novel reassortant. How Is Reassortment Detected? What Are the Consequences of Virus Reassortment? References 1. PLoS Pathog 9: e Virus Res, 56— Microbiol Rev — Nature —9. Nature —5. J Gen Virol — Nat Rev Microbiol 9: — Infect Dis Rep 5 Suppl 1 : e4.
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Correspondence to Edward C. Edward C. Holmes's homepage. An independently replicating RNA molecule. RNA viruses can possess either a single segment such that they are unsegmented or multiple segments.
Those with multiple segments may experience reassortment. Defective viruses usually possessing long genome deletions that compete, and hence interfere, with fully functional viruses for cellular resources.
A measure of the average number of nucleotides added by a polymerase enzyme per association—disassociation with the template during replication. The process by which the nucleic acid genome and other essential virion components are inserted in the structural core or shell of a virus particle. The process by which a defective virus can parasitize a fully functional virus that is infecting the same cell; the defective virus 'steals' the proteins of the functional virus to restore its own fitness.
The site in the genome sequence at which a recombination event has occurred. Phylogenetic trees are incongruent on either side of the breakpoint. The nonrandom association between alleles at two or more loci, being indicative of a lack of recombination. Recombination reduces LD. The process by which beneficial mutations compete, and hence interfere, with each other as they proceed toward fixation. An interaction between mutations such that their combined effect on fitness is different to that expected from their stand-alone effects.
Depending on the nature of the deviation, epistasis can be either antagonistic positive or synergistic negative. The situation in which a specific phenotype is determined by more than one gene, such as members of multigene families. Reprints and Permissions. Why do RNA viruses recombine?. Nat Rev Microbiol 9, — Download citation. Published : 04 July Issue Date : August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Virology Journal BioData Mining Scientific Reports VirusDisease After acquisition of a beneficial mutation, these viruses can lose the non-beneficial copies. A single sequence cannot accurately describe the viral population in a single host or even in cell culture.
This provides an evolutionary advantage, because mutations are already present and waiting to be selected, when selection pressure is applied to such a population. These defective genomes accumulate in cell culture, where innate antiviral defense is often lacking. For example, Sendai virus grown in cell culture is full of DIs, which are very potent inducers of innate immunity.
Indeed DIs are not encoding for viral genes that downregulate host interferon system. Therefore, the more DI there is with the virus, the less the virus will be able to tone down interferon induction. That is why cultured Sendai virus is commonly used to experimentally induce interferon, whereas the competent Sendai virus would efficiently shut off the IFN production.
Contact Us Home. Viral genome evolution Viral genomes are the fastest evolving entities in biology, because of their short replication time and the large quantity of offspring released per replication cycle. Recombination by crossing over [genetic shift]: Genetic recombination is the exchange of part of genome between two genetic entities. Segment reassortment [genetic shift]: Reassortment occurs event when two similar segmented viruses exchange part of their genomes during a cell co-infection.
Consequences of viral evolution: - Viral quasispecies: The fast and flexible evolution of RNA virus genomes creates population of viruses with a large numbers of variant genomes. January ; April ; 9: The remarkable frequency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genetic recombination Adewunmi Onafuwa-Nuga, Alice Telesnitsky Microbiol.
September ; , Table of Contents. Recombination among picornaviruses A N Lukashev Rev. September ; May ; Viruses of the family Bunyaviridae: are all available isolates reassortants?
From molecular genetics to phylodynamics: evolutionary relevance of mutation rates across viruses Rafael Sanju? The distribution of rates of spontaneous mutation over viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes J W Drake Ann.
May 18, ; ?
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